homeworkvan official blog 미국 대학 졸업 서비스 및 영어 과제 전문 컨설팅 - Since 2014: The Moral Grounding of Animal Testing: Annotated Bibliography Sample

Sunday, January 21, 2018

The Moral Grounding of Animal Testing: Annotated Bibliography Sample - by homeworkvan

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY SAMPLE

The Moral Grounding of Animal Testing: Annotated Bibliography

Ferdowsian, H., & Beck, N. (2011). Ethical and scientific considerations regarding animal testing and research. Plos ONE, 6(9), e24059. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024059

This article provides a brief summary of the ethical and scientific considerations regarding the use of animals in research and testing. In the article, the issues of animal mistreatment and the large number of animals being used in research are addressed together with the associated demand for testing new cures. The authors argue that a scientific understanding of animal pain and cognition is needed to inform opinions about animal testing. The article is an important resource because unlike other articles the authors question the predictive value of animal testing on human health outcomes. In the article, the two renown authors discuss a multifaceted strategy that is needed to ensure ethical and scientific considerations regarding animal testing and research.

Akhtar, A. (2015). The flaws and human harms of animal experimentation. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 24(04), 407-419. doi:10.1017/s0963180115000079

Similar to Ferdowsian and Beck (2011), this article questions the correlation between animal testing and human health benefits. The author highlights various scientific literature that questions the validity and reliability of animal testing as a predictive tool for human outcomes. Moreover, the author argues that animal testing causes harm to humans by misleading safety studies. Based on evidence presented in the article, the author believes that the drawbacks of animal testing outweigh the potential benefits. Thus, the article discusses other human-based testing methods that could be better alternatives. The contrasting opinion of this article serves to encourage a healthy debate on the efficacy of animal testing.

Festing, S., & Wilkinson, R. (2007). The ethics of animal research. Talking Point on the use of animals in scientific research. EMBO Reports, 8(6), 526-530. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400993

In this article, the authors point to the important role that animal testing has played in the past century. The authors opine that animal testing is a crucial component of medical research. However, in the article the authors posit that an ethical framework for conducting animal testing is prudent for good animal welfare and humane science. As such, the article discusses several legislative acts in the UK that ensure ethical animal testing. Moreover, the article also highlights advancements in the scientific community that are developing replacements of animal testing where possible. The article concludes with the assertion that animal testing is morally and ethically justified provided scientists work within a regulatory framework that controls ethics in animal testing.

Franco, N. (2013). Animal experiments in biomedical research: A historical perspective. Animals, 3(1), 238-273. doi:10.3390/ani3010238

This explorative article reviews animal testing in medical research from a historical perspective. As such, the article provides valuable insights into how animal testing has evolved over time. In addition, the article also highlights how various social and moral concerns about animal testing have evolved over time. However, the article focuses mainly on a European outlook of animal research. This article is an essential resource in research on animal testing because its historical context of the practice helps the reader understand how society has arrived at the current paradigm of animal testing. In conclusion, the author notes that there are still many research questions regarding the ethical treatment of animals in research that remain unanswered.

Hajar, R. (2011). Animal testing and medicine. Heart Views, 12(1), 42. doi:10.4103/1995-705x.81548

This article traces the history of animal research from ancient Greek times all through the middle ages to present day. The article is particularly useful in research on animal testing because it is a short summary of the various issues surrounding animal testing such as the antagonists’ and protagonists’ views on animal testing and various laws on animal testing. The article also examines how animal testing became important in the early twentieth century for drug manufacturing companies. As such the article helps the reader to understand how animal testing is related to development of new medicines. Like other articles on the topic of animal research, the author also advocates for the 3Rs; reduction replacement and refinement in the use of animals for scientific research.

=========================================================

The following is PLAGIARISM REPORT for 'The Moral Grounding of Animal Testing: Annotated Bibliography Sample - by homeworkvan'.