이번 포스팅에서는 앞서 업데이트해드렸던 Cause and Effect Essay 에 관련된 가이드라인, Justification, 그리고 Organization Key 를 업데이트해드릴거에요 :)
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Causes and Effects of Global Warming: Research Essay Organization Key and Justification Sample: 원인과 결과 에세이 샘플 해독키
Guidelines
The goal of a cause and effect essay is to identify
the cause and results of particular events, behaviors, or circumstances. In
this case, develop a cause and effect paper on an environmental topic. You are
required to examine the topic in depth, and understand all facets concerning
it. Use scholarly sources to support your assertions.
This essay will consist of three parts:
The first draft of this paper will be full
outline of your essay.
The final draft will be a compare and
contrast essay on two political systems.
Requirements:
- Full outline draft
- 5 pages, double-spaced, Times New Roman 12 pt.
- APA format and citation
- Minimum 6 scholarly sources.
Justification
The essay is a good model for an cause and effect
essay for several reasons
1.
Essay Mechanics
As with any good essay, this essay is
logically arranged into 3 key section: Introduction, Body, and Conclusion
sections. This logic placement carries
onto the arrangement of each section.
The introduction is clearly split into
three sections: A hook, background, and a thesis. The hook used is a definition
that serves as a starting point for the essay. Following, is several sentences
that give background on the topic of animal testing. Finally, there is a thesis
statement that makes an attempt to summarize the key arguments to be discussed
in the body section into a single statement.
The body section consists of several
paragraphs. This cause and effect essay adopts a block format whereby all
causes are captured first before moving to a new section detailing the effects.
An alternative would be to use a point by point format whereby each cause is
followed by an effect.
The conclusion section ties off the essay.
It consists of three broad sections. A restatement of the thesis, a summary of
the key arguments, and a takeaway. It must be restated that no new information
should be included in the conclusion which only serves to summarize the essay.
2.
Coherence
Besides the structure of the essay,
vocabulary, and grammar, the essay is a good model for an argumentative essay
based on its coherence. This refers to the flow of arguments from one idea to
the next. Foremost, this is achieved by having each argument have its own
specific paragraph. Secondly, coherence is achieved by using transition phrases
such as “however”, moreover” to connect ideas or sentences within a paragraph. Third,
coherence is achieved in the pattern of organization where the essay starts off
with the strongest arguments as the lead paragraphs. Finally, the essay ensures
each body paragraph ends with a brief conclusion to provide a transition from
one paragraph to the next.
Organization Key:
Hook
Background/Summary
Thesis
Topic Sentence
Analysis
Concluding
Sentence
Takeaway
References
Causes and Effects of Global Warming
Global warming is one of the
major components driving climate change, and its affects have already started
to become evident in some parts of the world. According to the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, climate change is defined as rising
surface temperatures in the Earth as a result of increased greenhouse gas
levels (NASA, 2018). Earth can maintain habitable life partly due to its
ability to achieve a fairly stable average temperature that can provide
conditions suitable for life; and allow for life-sustaining warmth and flowing
water. However, continued habitability is greatly impacted by global warming
making it an important issue. Evidence has shown an upward trend in average
surface temperatures, even keeping in mind the temperature variations among
regions. The earth has been warming at the rate of 0.90 F per
century since 1901, but this rate has doubled since 1975 (NASA, 2018). An increase in greenhouse
gases due to the economic exploitation of natural resources and expanding scope
of human activities has contributing to a global warming of average Earth
surface temperatures that could potentially lead harmful social, economic, and
environmental consequences.
Causes of Global Warming
The leading cause of
global warming is the increase in greenhouses gasses in the earth’s atmosphere.
Greenhouse
molecules absorb heat derived from sunlight and radiated back to space; and
this heat is in turn trapped within the atmosphere (NASA, 2018). Based on this
background, greenhouse gas emissions are responsible for this trend of rising
surface temperatures. The most important greenhouse molecules involved in
global warming are water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, and
nitrous oxide. Also key is the concept of long-lived and short-lived molecules.
Long-loved molecules semi-permanently block heating from escaping, and do not
respond either physically or chemically to temperature changes. These gases are
responsible for radiative climate ‘forcing’ changes (Sherwood et al., 2016). On the other hand, water
vapor is a short-lived gas that act as feedbacks by responding to changes in
earth’s temperature. While the direct cause of global warming is related to this
increase in greenhouse gases, human activities remain the largest contributor to
the rapid increase in greenhouses gases.
The direct impact of human
activity in the gaseous makeup of the earth’s atmosphere is clearly
demonstrated through the high increase in carbon dioxide post-Industrial
Revolution. Carbon dioxide is the major greenhouse gas emitted from human activities,
accounting for 67-75% of man-made emissions (Lewis, 2016). This is mainly
attributable to burning of fossil fuels, and electricity generation making up
for 40% of all CO2 emissions. Population growth and technological
advancement since the Industrial Revolution have increased demand for
electricity, 93% of which is derived through coal-burning power plants (Lewis,
2016). CO2 emissions are further augmented by fossil fuels used in
the transportation and manufacturing sectors. According to the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), these factors are consistent with the observation that CO2 levels
in the atmosphere have increased by more than a third since the industrial
revolution, with a 42% increase between 1990 and 2010 (EPA, 2017a).
Additionally, the process of production and transport of oil, natural gas and
coal increases methane emissions. Overall, the trend in atmospheric carbon dioxide, a major
greenhouse gas, matches humanity’s technological advancement.
Human activities have
disrupted the earth’s carbon cycle by removing trees which act as carbon sinks
to trap atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation is one of the direct results of
increased population growth, as forests are cleared away to create room for
settlement, agriculture, and other economic activities. Deforestation by
itself, together with the accompanying soil degradation, result in more carbon
being added to the atmosphere. Second, deforestation interferes with carbon
capture, a process during which trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
(Trenberth et al., 2014). Although deforestation is
not as significant a threat as fossil fuel burning, it still contributes to a
great extent to increased CO2 emissions.
Various human practices
produce significant quantities of emissions that promote global warming. First,
agricultural practices should be considered. With more extensive and
concentrated livestock rearing, methane produced by digestion in herbivores
such as cows and sheep is increasingly released. Also, increased use of
chemical fertilizers containing nitrogen increases nitrous oxide composition in
the atmosphere (Bilgen, 2014). Second, household, commercial, and industrial
activities or products release fluorinated gases. Chlorofluorocarbons also
played a chief role in the past, especially before regulatory legislation
(Lewis, 2016). All the above-mentioned factors are critical in understanding
and mitigating global warming, due to the role of non- CO2 green-house
emissions. Methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases comprise a relatively small
proportion of emissions. However, they are much more effective at heat trapping
and hence have greater 100-year global warming potential. For instance, methane
and nitrous oxide contribute to 17% and 6% of man-made global warming
respectively (Lewis, 2016). Overall, the rapid increase in all greenhouse gases has a connection to
human activities over the past century.
Effects of Global Warming
The increase in average
surface temperatures are likely to have adverse environmental impacts. At the ecosystem
level, there is a high risk of some species becoming extinct due to disruption
of habitats. This will especially affect climate-sensitive species, such as
those dependent on mountain ecosystems, salt-water, or cold water sources (EPA,
2017b). Change in weather patterns also affects major annual life cycle events
such as migration, food availability, and reproduction; increasing species
vulnerability. On the whole, global warming will reduce biodiversity and
interfere with survival of interdependent species. Also, the natural
environment will be affected through change in precipitation patterns, extreme
weather changes and events, as well as rapidly rising sea levels. Although
average precipitation levels have been rising since 1900, global warming has
increased the magnitude of these changes. As temperature rise, so does
evaporation resulting in cloud formation and precipitation. However, the
projected increase in precipitation represents an overall change in
precipitation on the earth; such that global warming will have different
effects on precipitation on different regions (Hansel et al., 2015). However, the
recent trend in most areas within the United States is towards heavier
precipitation. Paradoxically, global warming produces two opposite extremes of
weather: flooding and drought. Some areas may therefore become drier, even as
neighboring regions or most of the surrounding areas experience heavier rains.
As evaporation occurs, high temperatures at the same time also increase
moisture loss from the soil. Significantly, one of the major consequences of
global warming is the spread of desertification (Trenberth et al., 2014). Heat waves are also likely to become more frequent
and intense. Another change in precipitation will be increased storm events, including
hurricanes and tropical cyclones. Furthermore, sea levels continue to rise. The
mechanism for this is twofold: expansion
effects of warmer temperatures on seawater, as well as partial melting of
glaciers. This puts coastal human settlements at risk, the most relevant and
current example being the Maldives (Hansen et
al., 2015). Oceans absorb more than 80% of heat created by global warming,
and sea temperatures are estimated to rise 1-4 inches by 2100 (NASA, 2018). On the whole, the environmental impacts
of global warming are far-reaching.
Moreover, global warming
will have adverse social impacts, mainly due to changes in precipitation. The social effects will
be non-uniform, mainly affecting less-developed and low-lying regions. Even
though global warming may favor crop conditions in others, it may impair crop
farming in others. Reduced crop productivity may be due to drought, damage from
extreme weather events, climate instability, and increased susceptibility to
some diseases and pests. In the tropics and subtropics, the spread of
desertification has been cited as one of chief reasons for famine; and food
security in Africa will especially be threatened (Burke, Hsiang & Miguel,
2015). Moreover, compromised, lower
human resource productivity, and the cost of natural disasters will affect
economic productivity. Global warming has a greater negative impact on economy
of low-income countries (Burke et al.,
2015). Though partly due to these countries’ low adaptive capability and
economic resources, it is also because global warming may most affect core
industries such as agriculture or fisheries. Finally, public health will be
indirectly affected due to injury and loss of life in flooding or droughts;
food insecurity, and increased spread of certain diseases (Rossati, 2017). This further
compounds political problems such as violence in some countries as resources
continue to dwindle amid growing environmental challenges.
Conclusion
An increase in greenhouse
gases due to the economic exploitation of natural resources and expanding scope
of human activities has contributing to a global warming of average Earth
surface temperatures that could potentially lead harmful social, economic, and
environmental consequences. An increase in the surface temperatures of the earth
occurs when greenhouse gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases increase. Human activities are responsible
for climate change, as they produce emissions that trap heat within the
atmosphere. These include burning of fossil fuels for electricity production,
transportation, and manufacturing. Also, deforestation increases the amount of
carbon dioxide. Other human activities include crop and animal agricultural
practices; and fluorinated gases from commercial activities. Global warming
endanger species biodiversity and may lead to extinction of some species.
Flooding and drought are also both paradoxically triggered by global warming.
Socially, global warming is a threat to food security, economic growth, and
public health. Private
organizations, governments, and the public at large should be aware of the
causes and side effects of global warming.
References
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2018). How climate is changing. Retrieved from https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/
Bilgen, S. (2014). Structure and environmental impact of global
energy consumption. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 38,
890-902. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.004
Burke, M., Hsiang, S. M., & Miguel, E. (2015). Global non-linear
effect of temperature on economic production. Nature, 527(7577),
235-239. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15725
Hansen, J., Sato, M., Hearty, P., Ruedy, R., Kelley, M.,
Masson-Delmotte, V., ... & Velicogna, I. (2015). Ice melt, sea level rise
and superstorms: Evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern
observations that 2° C global warming is highly dangerous. Atmospheric
Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 15(14), 3761-3812. doi: 10.5194/acp-16-3761-2016,
2016.
Lewis, N. S. (2016). Aspects of science and technology in support of
legal and policy frameworks associated with a global carbon emissions-control
regime. Energy & Environmental Science, 9(7),
2172-2176. doi: 10.1039/C6EE00272B.
Rossati, A. (2017). Global warming and its health impact. The
international journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 8(1
January), 963-7. doi: 10.15171/ijoem.2017.963
Sherwood, S. C., Bony, S., Boucher, O., Bretherton, C., Forster, P.
M., Gregory, J. M., & Stevens, B. (2015). Adjustments in the
forcing-feedback framework for understanding climate change. Bulletin
of the American Meteorological Society, 96(2), 217-228. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00167.1
Trenberth, K. E., Dai, A., Van Der Schrier, G., Jones, P. D.,
Barichivich, J., Briffa, K. R., & Sheffield, J. (2014). Global warming and
changes in drought. Nature Climate Change, 4(1), 17-22.
doi: 10.1038/nclimate2067
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2017a). Climate change indicators: Greenhouse gases.
Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases
United
States Environmental Protection Agency (2017b). Climate impact on ecosystems. Retrieved from https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-ecosystems_.html
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