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Guidelines
The goal of a compare and contrast essay is
to identify the similarities and differences between two or more items. In this
case, develop a compare and contrast paper regarding two political systems. You
are required to examine the topic in depth, and understand all facets
concerning it. Use scholarly sources to support your assertions.
This essay will consist of three parts:
The first draft of this paper will be full
outline of your essay.
The final draft will be a compare and
contrast essay on two political systems.
Requirements:
- Full outline draft
- 5 pages, double-spaced, Times New Roman 12 pt.
- APA format and citation
- Minimum 4 scholarly sources.
[COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY SAMPLE]
Capitalism
and Socialism Economic Systems
Capitalism and
socialism are two inherently different political, economic and social systems
that are adopted by countries around the world. While capitalism and socialism
affect the political and social systems of a country, the two are mainly
economic systems that affect how countries organize and allocate their
resources in the distribution of goods and services within a society. On the
one hand, capitalism is an economic system where the means of production are
mainly owned by private individuals through corporations and the corporations
make decisions over the distribution of resources. Moreover, under capitalism
companies are motivated by making as much money as possible in a free market
economy. On the other hand, socialism is an economic system where the means of
production and other forms of capital are owned by the state and the public.
Under socialism, everyone’s wealth is redistributed among other members of
society. A socialist economy has no free market, and the government is charged
with providing goods and services to the population. Capitalism and socialism
economic systems are both crucial systems that affect the socioeconomic factors
of a society because they determine the type of policies a government adopts to
serve its citizens in terms of income inequality, personal freedom, class
stratification and social justice.
The first
distinguishing factor between capitalism and socialism is the level of personal
freedom whereby socialism leads to government intervention of people’s personal
liberties while capitalism offers autonomy to the people. As explained by Murtaza
(2011), people living in capitalist countries have the freedom to assess what
is to their benefit or their detriment. Therefore, capitalism allows for
greater personal fulfillment because people have the personal responsibility
for their actions. Moreover, under capitalism, the state guarantees individual
rights and freedoms of its citizens. This, in turn, means that both majority
and minority groups equally enjoy their freedoms under the law. In contrast,
Bradley and Donway (2010) argue that under socialism personal freedom is
constrained by the government. Freedom is aggregated whereby good is defined as
“good of the collective,” which takes away personal autonomy to choose and
reduces the “needs” of an individual to be less than the “needs” of the society.
As a result, people living under socialism have to conform to certain rules.
Socialists states usually restrict the freedoms of their citizens including
freedom of the press, assembly, and speech. For the most part, respect for
personal freedom is a subject which is mostly disregarded and the government
interferes in virtually all aspect of its people’s lives. Essentially, a
socialist economic system operates on the premise that what is good for one is
good for all.
In relation to
personal freedom, political freedom is also influenced differently under
capitalism and socialism. In a capitalist state where economic might determines
the power someone has, political freedom of people without capital is damaged.
For instance, a wealthy person in a capitalist state who runs for a political
office had a better chance of winning simply due to his vast amount of
"capital influence." In contrast, a socialist state is ideally meant
to allow people to have the same opportunity to voice their opinions. However,
the reality is that political freedom in a socialist state is still not
guaranteed since the state usually has excessive power over citizens.
The third
difference between these two economic systems is that capitalism focuses on
profit making through exploitation while socialism focuses on people working
together to meet collective needs. The motivation for profit-making through any
means possible makes capitalism exploit workers and resources to maximize on
the highest profit possible. Exploitation is done by the wealthy to subjugate
people and societies and extract surplus value (Nelson, 2016). An example of
such an instance is the exploitation of minimum wage factory workers who are
forced to work under harsh conditions while the corporation generates large
amounts of profits. Nelson (2016) argues that profit-making motivation under
capitalism has led to the compulsion of corporations to expand resulting in an
uneven modern world system. Moreover, the same exploitive nature of capitalist
activities has made life on Earth unsustainable due to depletion of natural
resources. On the contrary, under socialism, the wealthy ruling class cannot
enrich themselves at the expense of ordinary people because the society makes
decisions together on an equal basis. According to Murtaza (2011), in a
socialist state, production is vested with a central authority usually the
government with the economic affairs of the society belonging to the public and
not private entities. Therefore, members of the society decide whether or not
to expand the enterprise or to distribute profits to members of the communities
(Murtaza, 2011). Under socialism, the non-profit aspects of life are considered
which is why the treatment of people in society is important.
Another main
difference between capitalism and socialism is the level of income inequality
between members of a society. Socialism reduces income inequality because individuals
are no longer held back by class restraints such as poverty (Exner, 2014).
Therefore, socialism presents opportunities for the disempowered. In addition,
socialism reduces income inequality because it does not allow concentration of
capital by certain groups of people; instead, socialism redistributes wealth to
everyone in society. For instance, in a socialist system, a corporation would
have all excess profits diverted to its employees so that workers could have a
fair share of the profit they helped generate. On the other hand, capitalism
creates a huge income inequality in society because it favors people of a
certain class status who have access to opportunities. The 1% who own
corporations earn hundreds and even thousands of times more than the 99% who
work for the corporations, yet the 99% do the hardest work for the 1%.
Essentially, capitalism makes the rich 1% population richer while making the
99% poor population poorer. This pronouncement is because, in a capitalist
state, corporations have free reign to control workers’ pay. The inequality in
a capitalistic society is produced by the wealth gap initiated through
capitalism. Finally, it is also worth mentioning that although capitalism
creates income inequality between members of society it also improves the
overall fortunes of the country’s economy. In fact, Exner (2014) argues that
the most striking feature of capitalism is its success in implementing
technological advancements that expand the supply of goods and services
available for consumption. This is because capitalism emphasizes unrestricted
economic activity and limited economic restrictions.
Moreover,
capitalism leads to class stratification which determines how individuals are
treated while socialism advocates for a classless society of equal participants
deserving of equal treatment. Capitalism divides people into classes that are
predetermined by access to opportunities in society whereby high socioeconomic
status affords individuals better treatment than their lower socioeconomic status
peers. In contrast, socialism is a classless system where everyone is treated
equally. Related to class stratification, is the striking difference between
socialism and capitalism in regard to social justice. Capitalism places money
and profits above moral judgment and ethics by promoting greed and promoting
the subversion of human rights (Fagerberg, Srholec & Knell, 2007). Often
times, the exchange of goods and services under capitalism is in the
self-interest of both parties involved. For instance, a company such as Apple
which recently crossed the Trillion-dollar mark in valuation has been known to
subvert human rights of workers in their Chinese factories. Moreover, GAP the
clothing company was once fined for human rights abuse in some of its factories
in the Middle East. Such examples show how the capitalist systems allow private
individuals and corporations to steal money from the poor to benefit the rich.
On the contrary, socialism places some degree of moral compass to the
activities of individuals and corporations and promotes human rights.
Specifically, socialism is concerned with ensuring that the disadvantaged
people in society are taken care of by the government and by society as a
whole. To expound on the issue of social justice under the different economic
systems, one needs to evaluate how the entirety of the lower class survives
from hand to mouth while corporations reap all the benefits.
Capitalism and
socialism economic systems are inherently different systems with the main
differences being in the level of income inequality, personal freedom, class
stratification and social justice. These differences affect the socioeconomic
factors of a society because they determine the type of policies a government
adopts to serve its citizens. On the one hand, capitalism is a system based on
the right to private property, personal liberty, and free market where the
motive of businesses is profit. On the other hand, a socialist economic system
is a criticism of the capitalist system because it advocates for social
ownership of production, eliminates class division and exploitation while
promoting principles of social justice and welfare. Despite the stark
differences between capitalism and socialism, the reality is that most
countries have mixed economic systems that have elements of both capitalism and
socialism. The control of production, resources and other forms of capital
requires that a certain amount of public control should coexist with a certain
amount of private ownership.
References
Bradley, R. L., & Donway, R. (2010). Capitalism, socialism, and
“the middle way”: A taxonomy. The Independent Review, 15(1),
71-87.
Exner, A. (2014). Degrowth and Demonetization: On the Limits of a
Non-Capitalist Market Economy. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 25(3),
9-27. doi: 10.1080/10455752.2014.882963
Fagerberg, J., Srholec, M., & Knell, M. (2007). The
Competitiveness of Nations: Why Some Countries Prosper While Others Fall
Behind. World Development, 35(10), 1595-1620. doi:
10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.01.004
Murtaza, N. (2011). Pursuing self-interest or self-actualization?
From capitalism to a steady-state, wisdom economy. Ecological Economics, 70(4),
577-584. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.10.012
Nelson, A. (2016). “Your Money or Your Life”: Money and Socialist
Transformation. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 27(4),
40-60. doi: 10.1080/10455752.2016.1204619
Justification
The essay is a good model for an compare
and contrast essay for several reasons:
1.
Essay Mechanics
The essay is logically arranged into 3 key
section: Introduction, Body, and Conclusion sections. This logic placement carries onto the
arrangement of each section.
The introduction is clearly split into
three sections: A hook, background, and a thesis. The hook used is a definition
that serves as a starting point for the essay. Following, is several sentences
that give background on the topic of animal testing. Finally, there is a thesis
statement that makes an attempt to summarize the key arguments to be discussed
in the body section into a single statement.
The body section consists of several
paragraphs. This compare and contrast essay adopts a block format whereby
comparison and contrasts are arranged in one paragraph block. An alternative
would be to use a point by point format whereby the organization would begin
with comparisons then followed by making contrasts.
The conclusion section ties off the essay.
It consists of three broad sections. A restatement of the thesis, a summary of
the key arguments, and a takeaway. It must be restated that no new information
should be included in the conclusion which only serves to summarize the essay.
2.
Coherence
Besides the structure of the essay,
vocabulary, and grammar, the essay is a good model for an argumentative essay
based on its coherence. This refers to the flow of arguments from one idea to
the next. Foremost, this is achieved by having each argument have its own
specific paragraph. Secondly, coherence is achieved by using transition phrases
such as “however”, moreover” to connect ideas or sentences within a paragraph. Third,
coherence is achieved in the pattern of organization where the essay starts off
with the strongest arguments as the lead paragraphs. Finally, the essay ensures
each body paragraph ends with a brief conclusion to provide a transition from
one paragraph to the next.
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