OUTLINE SAMPLE:
The Moral Grounding of Animal Testing - Outline
1.
Introduction
A.
Context:
1.
For decades, animal testing to
check the safety of human drugs has been in practice despite the contentious
debate as to whether the practice is ethical.
2.
On the one hand, proponents of
animal testing posit that mainly the practice has enabled the development of
vital life-saving drugs for humans and animals.
3.
On the other hand, opponents of
animal testing opine that the practice is cruel on animals (Akhtar, 2015).
B.
Thesis Statement: While
concerns regarding the ethics of animal testing are valid, it is prudent to
analyze the benefits and drawbacks of animal testing so as to determine the
efficacy of the practice and guide a framework for future solutions.
2.
Animal testing contributes to
vital life-saving drugs and treatments.
A.
Animal testing has led to numerous
advances in the scientific and medical fields over the course of the past
century leading to a better quality of life for humans (Franco, 2013)
B.
Testing on animals allows
scientists to identify side effects for drugs before humans can use them.
3.
There are no adequate
alternatives to testing experimental cures and treatments on a living, whole
body system (Hajar, 2011).
A.
Human anatomy and animal
anatomy are both extremely complex for cell cultures in petri dishes to be used
as alternatives.
B.
If animal testing is abolished,
the only other alternative is conducting experimental tests on humans, which is
much worse.
C.
Computer models are still far
from being reliable to provide accurate information about the efficacy and side
effects of experimental drugs on humans.
4.
Animal testing is practiced
with ethical considerations for the animals.
A.
Scientists do not use animals
or inflict suffering on them if it avoidable.
B.
Where possible, animal testing
is conducted using noninvasive procedures by applying good animal welfare and
humane science (Festing & Wilkinson, 2007).
C.
Scientists operate under
various controls for protecting animals used for experimental and scientific uses.
5.
Opposing View: Animal testing
is cruel and inhumane; thus it should be abolished completely.
6.
Rebuttals:
A.
Complete and immediate
abolishment of animal testing would have significant ramifications for
scientific research of cures and treatments.
B.
There should be a middle ground
for how animal testing should be conducted (Ferdowsian & Beck, 2011).
C.
In vitro testing does provide
insights about an experimental cure or treatment but it is an inadequate
procedure as far as the effects of the cure on the human body are concerned.
D.
Experiments on animals are inevitable
in order to progress knowledge on medicine and biology for the development of
future cures (Hajar, 2011).
7.
Conclusion
A.
With the need to develop cures
and treatments for human and animal ailments, animal testing is morally and
ethically justified.
B.
Historically, animal testing
has been beneficial to human health and it would pose significant danger to medical
research and public health if the practice was abandoned.
C.
Nevertheless, stakeholders
should work towards reducing the extent of animals suffering in research.
References
Akhtar, A. (2015). The flaws and human harms of animal
experimentation. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 24(04),
407-419. doi:10.1017/s0963180115000079
Ferdowsian, H., & Beck, N. (2011). Ethical and scientific
considerations regarding animal testing and research. Plos ONE, 6(9),
e24059. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024059
Festing, S., & Wilkinson, R. (2007). The ethics of animal
research. Talking Point on the use of animals in scientific research. EMBO
Reports, 8(6), 526-530. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400993
Franco, N. (2013). Animal experiments in biomedical research: A
historical perspective. Animals, 3(1), 238-273.
doi:10.3390/ani3010238
Hajar, R. (2011). Animal testing and medicine. Heart Views, 12(1),
42. doi:10.4103/1995-705x.81548
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