Sunday, September 30, 2018

[원인과 결과 에세이 샘플] Causes and Effects of Global Warming: Research Essay Sample - by Homeworkvan

안녕하세요!

이번 포스트에서는 Cause and Effect 에세이 아웃라인에 이어서 Cause and Effect 에세이 샘플을 올려 드릴거에요!

주제는 Global Warming (지구 온난화)에 관련해서 원인과 결과 에세이 작성하였구요~
저번 포스트에서 작성했던 아웃라인 베이스로 작성하였어요 :)

혹시, 원인과 결과 에세이 관련 과제 받으시거나 Cause and Effect Essay 를 어떻게 적어야하는지 궁금하신분들은 참고 하시면 좋을것같아요! 그럼 한번 읽어보시고 학업에 많은 도움 되시길 바랄게요! 더 궁금하신 사항있으시면 언제든지 저희 이메일로 연락주시길 바랄게요!

감사합니다!

Cause and Effect Essay Sample: 원인과 결과 에세이 샘플



Global warming is one of the major components driving climate change, and its affects have already started to become evident in some parts of the world. According to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, climate change is defined as rising surface temperatures in the Earth as a result of increased greenhouse gas levels (NASA, 2018). Earth can maintain habitable life partly due to its ability to achieve a fairly stable average temperature that can provide conditions suitable for life; and allow for life-sustaining warmth and flowing water. However, continued habitability is greatly impacted by global warming making it an important issue. Evidence has shown an upward trend in average surface temperatures, even keeping in mind the temperature variations among regions. The earth has been warming at the rate of 0.90 F per century since 1901, but this rate has doubled since 1975 (NASA, 2018). An increase in greenhouse gases due to the economic exploitation of natural resources and expanding scope of human activities has contributing to a global warming of average Earth surface temperatures that could potentially lead harmful social, economic, and environmental consequences.

Causes of Global Warming

The leading cause of global warming is the increase in greenhouses gasses in the earth’s atmosphere. Greenhouse molecules absorb heat derived from sunlight and radiated back to space; and this heat is in turn trapped within the atmosphere (NASA, 2018). Based on this background, greenhouse gas emissions are responsible for this trend of rising surface temperatures. The most important greenhouse molecules involved in global warming are water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, and nitrous oxide. Also key is the concept of long-lived and short-lived molecules. Long-loved molecules semi-permanently block heating from escaping, and do not respond either physically or chemically to temperature changes. These gases are responsible for radiative climate ‘forcing’ changes (Sherwood et al., 2016). On the other hand, water vapor is a short-lived gas that act as feedbacks by responding to changes in earth’s temperature. While the direct cause of global warming is related to this increase in greenhouse gases, human activities remain the largest contributor to the rapid increase in greenhouses gases.

The direct impact of human activity in the gaseous makeup of the earth’s atmosphere is clearly demonstrated through the high increase in carbon dioxide post-Industrial Revolution. Carbon dioxide is the major greenhouse gas emitted from human activities, accounting for 67-75% of man-made emissions (Lewis, 2016). This is mainly attributable to burning of fossil fuels, and electricity generation making up for 40% of all CO2 emissions. Population growth and technological advancement since the Industrial Revolution have increased demand for electricity, 93% of which is derived through coal-burning power plants (Lewis, 2016). CO2 emissions are further augmented by fossil fuels used in the transportation and manufacturing sectors.  According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), these factors are consistent with the observation that CO2 levels in the atmosphere have increased by more than a third since the industrial revolution, with a 42% increase between 1990 and 2010 (EPA, 2017a). Additionally, the process of production and transport of oil, natural gas and coal increases methane emissions. Overall, the trend in atmospheric carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, matches humanity’s technological advancement.

Human activities have disrupted the earth’s carbon cycle by removing trees which act as carbon sinks to trap atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation is one of the direct results of increased population growth, as forests are cleared away to create room for settlement, agriculture, and other economic activities. Deforestation by itself, together with the accompanying soil degradation, result in more carbon being added to the atmosphere. Second, deforestation interferes with carbon capture, a process during which trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (Trenberth et al., 2014). Although deforestation is not as significant a threat as fossil fuel burning, it still contributes to a great extent to increased CO2 emissions.

Various human practices produce significant quantities of emissions that promote global warming. First, agricultural practices should be considered. With more extensive and concentrated livestock rearing, methane produced by digestion in herbivores such as cows and sheep is increasingly released. Also, increased use of chemical fertilizers containing nitrogen increases nitrous oxide composition in the atmosphere (Bilgen, 2014). Second, household, commercial, and industrial activities or products release fluorinated gases. Chlorofluorocarbons also played a chief role in the past, especially before regulatory legislation (Lewis, 2016). All the above-mentioned factors are critical in understanding and mitigating global warming, due to the role of non- CO2 green-house emissions. Methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases comprise a relatively small proportion of emissions. However, they are much more effective at heat trapping and hence have greater 100-year global warming potential. For instance, methane and nitrous oxide contribute to 17% and 6% of man-made global warming respectively (Lewis, 2016). Overall, the rapid increase in all greenhouse gases has a connection to human activities over the past century.

Effects of Global Warming

The increase in average surface temperatures are likely to have adverse environmental impacts. At the ecosystem level, there is a high risk of some species becoming extinct due to disruption of habitats. This will especially affect climate-sensitive species, such as those dependent on mountain ecosystems, salt-water, or cold water sources (EPA, 2017b). Change in weather patterns also affects major annual life cycle events such as migration, food availability, and reproduction; increasing species vulnerability. On the whole, global warming will reduce biodiversity and interfere with survival of interdependent species. Also, the natural environment will be affected through change in precipitation patterns, extreme weather changes and events, as well as rapidly rising sea levels. Although average precipitation levels have been rising since 1900, global warming has increased the magnitude of these changes. As temperature rise, so does evaporation resulting in cloud formation and precipitation. However, the projected increase in precipitation represents an overall change in precipitation on the earth; such that global warming will have different effects on precipitation on different regions (Hansel et al., 2015).  However, the recent trend in most areas within the United States is towards heavier precipitation. Paradoxically, global warming produces two opposite extremes of weather: flooding and drought. Some areas may therefore become drier, even as neighboring regions or most of the surrounding areas experience heavier rains. As evaporation occurs, high temperatures at the same time also increase moisture loss from the soil. Significantly, one of the major consequences of global warming is the spread of desertification (Trenberth et al., 2014). Heat waves are also likely to become more frequent and intense. Another change in precipitation will be increased storm events, including hurricanes and tropical cyclones. Furthermore, sea levels continue to rise. The mechanism for this is twofold:  expansion effects of warmer temperatures on seawater, as well as partial melting of glaciers. This puts coastal human settlements at risk, the most relevant and current example being the Maldives (Hansen et al., 2015). Oceans absorb more than 80% of heat created by global warming, and sea temperatures are estimated to rise 1-4 inches by 2100 (NASA, 2018). On the whole, the environmental impacts of global warming are far-reaching.

Moreover, global warming will have adverse social impacts, mainly due to changes in precipitation. The social effects will be non-uniform, mainly affecting less-developed and low-lying regions. Even though global warming may favor crop conditions in others, it may impair crop farming in others. Reduced crop productivity may be due to drought, damage from extreme weather events, climate instability, and increased susceptibility to some diseases and pests. In the tropics and subtropics, the spread of desertification has been cited as one of chief reasons for famine; and food security in Africa will especially be threatened (Burke, Hsiang & Miguel, 2015).  Moreover, compromised, lower human resource productivity, and the cost of natural disasters will affect economic productivity. Global warming has a greater negative impact on economy of low-income countries (Burke et al., 2015). Though partly due to these countries’ low adaptive capability and economic resources, it is also because global warming may most affect core industries such as agriculture or fisheries. Finally, public health will be indirectly affected due to injury and loss of life in flooding or droughts; food insecurity, and increased spread of certain diseases (Rossati, 2017). This further compounds political problems such as violence in some countries as resources continue to dwindle amid growing environmental challenges.

Conclusion

An increase in greenhouse gases due to the economic exploitation of natural resources and expanding scope of human activities has contributing to a global warming of average Earth surface temperatures that could potentially lead harmful social, economic, and environmental consequences. An increase in the surface temperatures of the earth occurs when greenhouse gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases increase. Human activities are responsible for climate change, as they produce emissions that trap heat within the atmosphere. These include burning of fossil fuels for electricity production, transportation, and manufacturing. Also, deforestation increases the amount of carbon dioxide. Other human activities include crop and animal agricultural practices; and fluorinated gases from commercial activities. Global warming endanger species biodiversity and may lead to extinction of some species. Flooding and drought are also both paradoxically triggered by global warming. Socially, global warming is a threat to food security, economic growth, and public health. Private organizations, governments, and the public at large should be aware of the causes and side effects of global warming.




References

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2018). How climate is changing. Retrieved from https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/

Bilgen, S. (2014). Structure and environmental impact of global energy consumption. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews38, 890-902. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.004

Burke, M., Hsiang, S. M., & Miguel, E. (2015). Global non-linear effect of temperature on economic production. Nature527(7577), 235-239. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15725

Hansen, J., Sato, M., Hearty, P., Ruedy, R., Kelley, M., Masson-Delmotte, V., ... & Velicogna, I. (2015). Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: Evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2° C global warming is highly dangerous. Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions15(14), 3761-3812. doi: 10.5194/acp-16-3761-2016, 2016.

Lewis, N. S. (2016). Aspects of science and technology in support of legal and policy frameworks associated with a global carbon emissions-control regime. Energy & Environmental Science9(7), 2172-2176. doi: 10.1039/C6EE00272B.

Rossati, A. (2017). Global warming and its health impact. The international journal of occupational and environmental medicine8(1 January), 963-7. doi: 10.15171/ijoem.2017.963

Sherwood, S. C., Bony, S., Boucher, O., Bretherton, C., Forster, P. M., Gregory, J. M., & Stevens, B. (2015). Adjustments in the forcing-feedback framework for understanding climate change. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society96(2), 217-228. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00167.1

Trenberth, K. E., Dai, A., Van Der Schrier, G., Jones, P. D., Barichivich, J., Briffa, K. R., & Sheffield, J. (2014). Global warming and changes in drought. Nature Climate Change4(1), 17-22. doi: 10.1038/nclimate2067

United States Environmental Protection Agency (2017a). Climate change indicators: Greenhouse gases. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases

United States Environmental Protection Agency (2017b). Climate impact on ecosystems. Retrieved from https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-ecosystems_.html



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