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이번 포스트에서는 Cause and Effect 에세이 아웃라인에 이어서 Cause and Effect 에세이 샘플을 올려 드릴거에요!
주제는 Global Warming (지구 온난화)에 관련해서 원인과 결과 에세이 작성하였구요~
저번 포스트에서 작성했던 아웃라인 베이스로 작성하였어요 :)
혹시, 원인과 결과 에세이 관련 과제 받으시거나 Cause and Effect Essay 를 어떻게 적어야하는지 궁금하신분들은 참고 하시면 좋을것같아요! 그럼 한번 읽어보시고 학업에 많은 도움 되시길 바랄게요! 더 궁금하신 사항있으시면 언제든지 저희 이메일로 연락주시길 바랄게요!
감사합니다!
Cause and Effect Essay Sample: 원인과 결과 에세이 샘플
Global
warming is one of the major components driving climate change, and its affects
have already started to become evident in some parts of the world. According to
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, climate change is defined as
rising surface temperatures in the Earth as a result of increased greenhouse
gas levels (NASA, 2018). Earth can maintain habitable life partly due to its
ability to achieve a fairly stable average temperature that can provide
conditions suitable for life; and allow for life-sustaining warmth and flowing
water. However, continued habitability is greatly impacted by global warming
making it an important issue. Evidence has shown an upward trend in average
surface temperatures, even keeping in mind the temperature variations among
regions. The earth has been warming at the rate of 0.90 F per century
since 1901, but this rate has doubled since 1975 (NASA, 2018). An increase in
greenhouse gases due to the economic exploitation of natural resources and
expanding scope of human activities has contributing to a global warming of
average Earth surface temperatures that could potentially lead harmful social,
economic, and environmental consequences.
Causes of Global Warming
The
leading cause of global warming is the increase in greenhouses gasses in the
earth’s atmosphere. Greenhouse molecules absorb heat derived from sunlight and
radiated back to space; and this heat is in turn trapped within the atmosphere (NASA,
2018). Based on this background, greenhouse gas emissions are responsible for
this trend of rising surface temperatures. The most important greenhouse
molecules involved in global warming are water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2),
methane, and nitrous oxide. Also key is the concept of long-lived and
short-lived molecules. Long-loved molecules semi-permanently block heating from
escaping, and do not respond either physically or chemically to temperature
changes. These gases are responsible for radiative climate ‘forcing’ changes
(Sherwood et al., 2016). On the other
hand, water vapor is a short-lived gas that act as feedbacks by responding to
changes in earth’s temperature. While the direct cause of global warming is
related to this increase in greenhouse gases, human activities remain the
largest contributor to the rapid increase in greenhouses gases.
The
direct impact of human activity in the gaseous makeup of the earth’s atmosphere
is clearly demonstrated through the high increase in carbon dioxide
post-Industrial Revolution. Carbon dioxide is the major greenhouse gas emitted
from human activities, accounting for 67-75% of man-made emissions (Lewis,
2016). This is mainly attributable to burning of fossil fuels, and electricity
generation making up for 40% of all CO2 emissions. Population growth
and technological advancement since the Industrial Revolution have increased
demand for electricity, 93% of which is derived through coal-burning power
plants (Lewis, 2016). CO2 emissions are further augmented by fossil
fuels used in the transportation and manufacturing sectors. According to the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), these factors are consistent with the observation that CO2 levels
in the atmosphere have increased by more than a third since the industrial
revolution, with a 42% increase between 1990 and 2010 (EPA, 2017a).
Additionally, the process of production and transport of oil, natural gas and
coal increases methane emissions. Overall, the trend in atmospheric carbon
dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, matches humanity’s technological advancement.
Human
activities have disrupted the earth’s carbon cycle by removing trees which act
as carbon sinks to trap atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation is one of the
direct results of increased population growth, as forests are cleared away to
create room for settlement, agriculture, and other economic activities.
Deforestation by itself, together with the accompanying soil degradation,
result in more carbon being added to the atmosphere. Second, deforestation
interferes with carbon capture, a process during which trees absorb carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere (Trenberth et
al., 2014). Although deforestation is not as significant a threat as fossil
fuel burning, it still contributes to a great extent to increased CO2
emissions.
Various
human practices produce significant quantities of emissions that promote global
warming. First, agricultural practices should be considered. With more
extensive and concentrated livestock rearing, methane produced by digestion in
herbivores such as cows and sheep is increasingly released. Also, increased use
of chemical fertilizers containing nitrogen increases nitrous oxide composition
in the atmosphere (Bilgen, 2014). Second, household, commercial, and industrial
activities or products release fluorinated gases. Chlorofluorocarbons also
played a chief role in the past, especially before regulatory legislation (Lewis,
2016). All the above-mentioned factors are critical in understanding and
mitigating global warming, due to the role of non- CO2 green-house
emissions. Methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases comprise a relatively
small proportion of emissions. However, they are much more effective at heat
trapping and hence have greater 100-year global warming potential. For
instance, methane and nitrous oxide contribute to 17% and 6% of man-made global
warming respectively (Lewis, 2016). Overall, the rapid increase in all
greenhouse gases has a connection to human activities over the past century.
Effects of Global Warming
The
increase in average surface temperatures are likely to have adverse
environmental impacts. At the ecosystem level, there is a high risk of some
species becoming extinct due to disruption of habitats. This will especially
affect climate-sensitive species, such as those dependent on mountain ecosystems,
salt-water, or cold water sources (EPA, 2017b). Change in weather patterns also
affects major annual life cycle events such as migration, food availability,
and reproduction; increasing species vulnerability. On the whole, global
warming will reduce biodiversity and interfere with survival of interdependent species.
Also, the natural environment will be affected through change in precipitation
patterns, extreme weather changes and events, as well as rapidly rising sea
levels. Although average precipitation levels have been rising since 1900,
global warming has increased the magnitude of these changes. As temperature
rise, so does evaporation resulting in cloud formation and precipitation.
However, the projected increase in precipitation represents an overall change
in precipitation on the earth; such that global warming will have different
effects on precipitation on different regions (Hansel et al., 2015). However, the
recent trend in most areas within the United States is towards heavier
precipitation. Paradoxically, global warming produces two opposite extremes of
weather: flooding and drought. Some areas may therefore become drier, even as
neighboring regions or most of the surrounding areas experience heavier rains.
As evaporation occurs, high temperatures at the same time also increase
moisture loss from the soil. Significantly, one of the major consequences of
global warming is the spread of desertification (Trenberth et al., 2014). Heat waves are also likely to become more frequent
and intense. Another change in precipitation will be increased storm events,
including hurricanes and tropical cyclones. Furthermore, sea levels continue to
rise. The mechanism for this is twofold:
expansion effects of warmer temperatures on seawater, as well as partial
melting of glaciers. This puts coastal human settlements at risk, the most
relevant and current example being the Maldives (Hansen et al., 2015). Oceans absorb more than 80% of heat created by
global warming, and sea temperatures are estimated to rise 1-4 inches by 2100
(NASA, 2018). On the whole, the environmental impacts of global warming are
far-reaching.
Moreover,
global warming will have adverse social impacts, mainly due to changes in
precipitation. The social effects will be non-uniform, mainly affecting
less-developed and low-lying regions. Even though global warming may favor crop
conditions in others, it may impair crop farming in others. Reduced crop
productivity may be due to drought, damage from extreme weather events, climate
instability, and increased susceptibility to some diseases and pests. In the
tropics and subtropics, the spread of desertification has been cited as one of
chief reasons for famine; and food security in Africa will especially be
threatened (Burke, Hsiang & Miguel, 2015). Moreover, compromised, lower human resource
productivity, and the cost of natural disasters will affect economic productivity.
Global warming has a greater negative impact on economy of low-income countries
(Burke et al., 2015). Though partly
due to these countries’ low adaptive capability and economic resources, it is
also because global warming may most affect core industries such as agriculture
or fisheries. Finally, public health will be indirectly affected due to injury
and loss of life in flooding or droughts; food insecurity, and increased spread
of certain diseases (Rossati, 2017). This further compounds political problems
such as violence in some countries as resources continue to dwindle amid
growing environmental challenges.
Conclusion
An
increase in greenhouse gases due to the economic exploitation of natural
resources and expanding scope of human activities has contributing to a global
warming of average Earth surface temperatures that could potentially lead
harmful social, economic, and environmental consequences. An increase in the
surface temperatures of the earth occurs when greenhouse gases such as water
vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases increase.
Human activities are responsible for climate change, as they produce emissions
that trap heat within the atmosphere. These include burning of fossil fuels for
electricity production, transportation, and manufacturing. Also, deforestation
increases the amount of carbon dioxide. Other human activities include crop and
animal agricultural practices; and fluorinated gases from commercial
activities. Global warming endanger species biodiversity and may lead to
extinction of some species. Flooding and drought are also both paradoxically
triggered by global warming. Socially, global warming is a threat to food
security, economic growth, and public health. Private organizations,
governments, and the public at large should be aware of the causes and side
effects of global warming.
References
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2018). How climate is changing. Retrieved from https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/
Bilgen, S. (2014). Structure and environmental impact of global
energy consumption. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 38,
890-902. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.004
Burke, M., Hsiang, S. M., & Miguel, E. (2015). Global non-linear
effect of temperature on economic production. Nature, 527(7577),
235-239. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15725
Hansen, J., Sato, M., Hearty, P., Ruedy, R., Kelley, M.,
Masson-Delmotte, V., ... & Velicogna, I. (2015). Ice melt, sea level rise
and superstorms: Evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern
observations that 2° C global warming is highly dangerous. Atmospheric
Chemistry & Physics Discussions, 15(14), 3761-3812. doi: 10.5194/acp-16-3761-2016,
2016.
Lewis, N. S. (2016). Aspects of science and technology in support of
legal and policy frameworks associated with a global carbon emissions-control
regime. Energy & Environmental Science, 9(7),
2172-2176. doi: 10.1039/C6EE00272B.
Rossati, A. (2017). Global warming and its health impact. The
international journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 8(1
January), 963-7. doi: 10.15171/ijoem.2017.963
Sherwood, S. C., Bony, S., Boucher, O., Bretherton, C., Forster, P.
M., Gregory, J. M., & Stevens, B. (2015). Adjustments in the
forcing-feedback framework for understanding climate change. Bulletin
of the American Meteorological Society, 96(2), 217-228. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00167.1
Trenberth, K. E., Dai, A., Van Der Schrier, G., Jones, P. D.,
Barichivich, J., Briffa, K. R., & Sheffield, J. (2014). Global warming and
changes in drought. Nature Climate Change, 4(1), 17-22.
doi: 10.1038/nclimate2067
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2017a). Climate change indicators: Greenhouse gases.
Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases
United
States Environmental Protection Agency (2017b). Climate impact on ecosystems. Retrieved from https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-ecosystems_.html
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