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혹시 논증적 논쟁적 에세이 아웃라인 관련 과제 받으시거나 Argumentative Essay Outline 이 어떻게 작성되어야하는지 궁금하신분들은 참고 하시면 좋을것같아요!!

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Argumentative Essay Outline Sample: 논증 논쟁적 에세이 아웃라인 샘플

The Challenge of Euroscepticism: Outline

1. Introduction

a. Hook: The vote by the United Kingdom to exist the European Union (EU) was an existential shock to British and EU relations and a wake-up call to the growing skepticism towards the European Union.

b. Background

i. EU has diverse interests and has been largely positive (Jones, Menon, & Weatherill, 2012).

ii. Skeptics decry the benefits of integration

c. Thesis Statement: Despite efforts to deepen the connection between EU member states, Euroscepticism has been on a rise as a result of the 2008 financial crisis, the migrant challenge in Europe, the bureaucracy and transparency within the EU, and a rise in popularity in Eurosceptic parties.

2. Topic Sentence: The damaging impact of the 2008 financial crisis and the resulting remedial measures has fueled the Euroscepticism not only among debt-ridden Euro nations, but among all other constituent countries.

a. EU has tied the economic policies, laws and regulations of the different member states.

b. Financial crisis of 2008 increased the debt burden of states such as Spain and Greece (Pavolini, León, Guillén, & Ascoli, 2015).

c. Affected Euro countries received unpopular austerity measures that increased doubt over the EU (Stavrakakis & Katsambekis, 2014).

d. Repayment difficulties have also increased doubt among countries financially supporting debt-ridden member countries.

e. Concluding Sentence: 2008 financial crisis has eroded the special relationship enjoyed among European nations.

3. Topic sentence: More recently, the European migrant crisis and the social burden experienced among the populace has fueled doubt on whether the supranational decision-making systems serve to meet the best interests of member states.

a. European Union has been an attractive destination for millions of displaced persons seeking stability, safety, and prosperity.

b. Exterior countries have been disproportionally affected.

c. Dublin regulation stipulated that the country of entry would be responsible for a refugee (Jones et al., 2012).

d. The record flow of immigrants into exterior countries has increased their social and increased anti-immigrant tension (Kattago, 2017).

e. Concluding Sentence: EU has become unpopular as countries want to enact stricter immigration policies independently.

4. Topic sentence: European solidarity has been put to the rest following increased terrorist attacks on European social that has created a climate of resentment and feat.

a. In 2015, terrorists attacked France killing and injuring people in the hundreds (Kepel, 2017).

b. Similar attacks have made terrorism a significant threat in the EU but not all countries are affected equally.

c. There is lack of adequate information sharing and cooperation in anti-terror efforts (Markortoff, 2016),

d. Concluding Sentence: Terror attacks and cross-border movement has provided fodder for Eurosceptic parties in Europe to shift public sentiment against the EU.

5. Topic sentence: Beyond issues with migrants, debt, and terrorism, Euroscepticism is part of a long-standing interest over the legitimacy of the EU and the bureaucracy of the system.

a. Skeptics argue that there is a deficit in democracy in EU policy making (Ford & Goodwin, 2017).

b. This perception of a reduced role does not match reality (Jones et al., 2012).

c. Complexity of policy-making reduces transparency of the process among the general public (Baratta, 2014).

d. Negotiations between EU institutions are sometimes conducted in secret (Brandsma, 2018)

e. The administrative functions of the EU contribute to a large bureaucracy with a high administrative expense.

f. Concluding Sentence: This expense budget has been a bone of contention among skeptics fueling the negative sentiment on the bureaucracy of the EU system.

6. Topic sentence: Finally, the rise of nationalism and populism in Europe has increased anxiety on continued European integration and parties ride on a platform of disintegration.

a. In June 2016, the UK run a special referendum to determine the countries continued stay in the EU motivated by Euroskeptic parties (Ford & Goodwin, 2017).

b. Similar parties have been on a rise across Europe leading to a reduced faith in the EU (Stokes, 2015).

c. Such parties leverage real concerns and use nationalism and populism to increase their standing.

d. Their action are divisive and capable of disturbing the fragile peace in Europe (Kattago, 2019).

e. Concluding Sentence: If Brexit is anything to go by, then Eurosceptic parties present as a real challenge to EU integration.

7. Conclusion

a. Restated Thesis: The continued existence of the EU is threatened by the fallout from the 2008 global financial crisis, the influx of migrants into Europe, concerns over democracy and transparency in the EU bureaucracy, and the rise in nationalist and populist parties in Europe.

b. Summary:

i. The financial crisis brought demonstrated the deep economic ties between member nations.

ii. Migrant crisis has increased the popularity of disintegration in order to institute independent immigration policies.

iii. Terror attacks have lessened the need for free movement of persons in Europe.

iv. Reduced decision-making among national legislators and the lack of transparency in the EU has increased resentment.

v. Eurosceptic parties have fueled further division over integration.

c. Take-away: The seeds of doubt will only grow if the EU administrative arms fail to institute reforms and demonstrate to the general European public the benefits of the complex relationship that is the EU.

References

Baratta, R. (2014). Complexity of EU law in the domestic implementing process. The Theory and Practice of Legislation, 2(3), 293-308.

Brandsma, G. J. (2018). Transparency of EU informal trilogues through public feedback in the European Parliament: promise unfulfilled. Journal of European Public Policy, 1-20.

Ford, R., & Goodwin, M. (2017). Britain after Brexit: A nation divided. Journal of Democracy, 28(1), 17-30.

Jones, E., Menon, A., & Weatherill, S. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of the European Union. Oxford: UK, Oxford University Press.

Kattago, S. (2017). The End of the European Honeymoon?: Refugees, Resentment and the Clash of Solidarities. Anthropological Journal of European Cultures, 26(1), 35-52.

Kepel, G. (2017). Terror in France: The rise of jihad in the west (Vol. 64). Princeton University Press.

Markortoff, K. (2016, April 19). Testing Europe: How terrorism could make or break the union. CNBC. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2016/04/19/testing-europe-how-terrorism-could-make-or-break-the-union.html

Pavolini, E., León, M., Guillén, A. M., & Ascoli, U. (2015). From austerity to permanent strain? The EU and welfare state reform in Italy and Spain. Comparative European Politics, 13(1), 56-76.

Schumacher, P. Refugee crisis in Europe. In T. Riggs and K. J. Edgar (Eds.), Immigration and Migration: In Context (pp. 655-663). Gale.

Stavrakakis, Y., & Katsambekis, G. (2014). Left-wing populism in the European periphery: the case of SYRIZA. Journal of political ideologies, 19(2), 119-142.

Stokes, B. (2015). Faith in European project reviving: But most say rise of Eurosceptic parties is a good thing. Pew Research Center.

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