Chapter 1: Reference Styles
This writing guide describes two of the
most common writing (citation) styles used in research papers and other
academic work.
The two styles; APA and MLA have distinct
differences in the organization of content, formatting of content and citing
references. However, there are various similarities between the two writing
styles. For instance, all in text sources must appear in the reference section
at the end of the paper.
APA
APA stands for American Psychological
Association and it is a writing style used mostly in academic papers that fall
under social science disciplines including economics, business psychology
sociology, nursing among others. The distinguishing feature of APA is that it
has the author-date format of in-text citations. For instance, (Smith, 2011), Smith
being the author’s last name and the year being the publication date of the
source.
APA Basics
·
All proper nouns such as author
names should always be capitalized
·
When referring to the title of
a source within the paper, all words that are four letters long or more should
be capitalized: Destitution and Poverty.
However, verbs, nouns, pronouns and such, should not be capitalized.
·
The first word after a colon or
a dash should be capitalized: Birth of a
Nation: The Rise of Thailand.
·
Titles with words longer than
six should be underline or italicized: Infinity
Wars v Justice League: The war to end all wars.
·
Journals and articles from
edited collections with shorter words should have quotations marks around the
title.
Short Quotations
When directly quoting from a source, you
should include the author, publication year and the page number: According to
Smith (2011), “The United Nations is an important international body that
maintains peace” (p. 44).
Long Quotations
Although they are not encouraged, long
quotations (which are 40 words or longer) should be in a free-standing block of
words indented half an inch from the left margin.
[EXAMPLE]
[EXAMPLE]
Smith (2011)
maintains the following:
Due to intense
global competition, technological advancements, integration of information
technology and advances in manufacturing processes, companies are forced to
optimize their operations along their supply chains to deliver high-quality
products in the shortest time possible (p. 57).
Author/Authors
Authors
|
Reference
|
A Work by
Two Authors
|
Research by Keefer
(2017) supports...
Or
(Keefer, 2017)
|
A Work by
Three to Five Authors
|
The first time
(Keefer,
Philip, Razvan & Vlaicu, 2017).
Then all other citations
(Keefer et
al., 2017).
|
Six or More
Authors
|
Keefer et al.
(2017) maintain...
|
Unknown
Author
|
("Winning
an Election," 2017).
|
Organization
as an Author
|
First time
According to
The Heritage Foundation (2017),...
Subsequent citations
…key among
them being finance (THF, 2017).
|
Two or More
Works in the Same Parentheses
|
(Keefer, 2003;
Razvan, 2014).
|
Authors
With the Same Last Name:
|
(R. Taylor,
2001; S. Taylor, 2015).
|
Two or More
Works by the Same Author in the Same Year
|
Research by Keefer
(2017a) showed that...
According to Keefer
(2017b)…..
|
Citing
indirect sources
|
According to Keefer,
there is more to winning an election that campaigning (as cited in, Taylor,
2010).
|
MLA
APA stands for Modern Language Association
and it is a writing style used mostly in academic papers that fall under
humanities disciplines including cultural studies, literature, English studies among
others. The distinguishing feature of MLA is that it has the author-page format
of in-text citations. For instance, (Smith, 44), Smith being the author’s last
name and the 44 being the page cited.
MLA Basics
·
A title page is not required
unless specifically requested.
·
Title should be Double Space and
Centered in standard capitalization. However, it should not be underlined,
italicizes of placed in quotation marks.
·
Titles of longer words should
be italicized throughout the essay.
·
Quotations marks should be
placed around the titles with fewer words.
·
It is recommended to divide an
essay into sections.
Short Quotations
Indicate short quotations by enclosing them
with double quotation marks.
Ex. For some patrons, “McDonalds has the
best burger in all of America” (Roberts 164).
Long Quotations
Although they are discouraged, long
quotations that are four or more lines of prose should be places in a free
standing block of text and indented one inch from the left margin.
[EXAMPLE]
[EXAMPLE]
Former Governor speaking
about his lost presidential bid said: Winning an election in the US is not an easy endeavor,
particularly the US presidential election. This is because the US presidential
election is complex in regard to the laws that apply to campaigning, the
electoral college, polling, the campaigning process, party affiliations among
other intricacies. Campaigning is a candidate’s most important tool to win the
US presidential election (Smith 75).
Authors
|
Reference
|
A Work by Multiple Authors
|
According to Keefer, Philip,
and Razvan Vlaicu, a candidate raises money from donors who are mostly
business interests seeking favors (3).
Or
For the most part a candidate
raises money from donors who are mostly business interests seeking favors
(Keefer, Philip, and Razvan Vlaicu 76).
|
Unknown Author
|
("How to Win an Election"
6).
|
Organization as an Author
|
First time
According to The Heritage
Foundation (5),...
Subsequent citations
…key among them being finance
(5).
|
Authors With the Same Last
Name:
|
…fake news (S. Taylor 12), critics
maintain the benefits of social media outweigh the drawbacks (R. Taylor 46).
|
multiple works by the same
author
|
Keefer states that… elections”
(Vote buying 51). Additionally, Keefer maintains that…. can contribute
to a campaign" (About Campaign Promises 3).
|
Citing the Bible
|
.. All things are lawful for
me (New International Verision, 1 Corinthians 6:12).
|
Citing indirect sources
|
Keefer argues that "there
is more to winning an election that campaigning" (qtd. in Portman 259).
|
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